Delegation of authority as explained by Shahrukh Khan and Hrithik Roshan and Amitabh Bachchan in Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham

Delegation of authority as explained by Shahrukh Khan, Amitabh Bachchan and Hrithik Roshan in Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham

Delegation of Authority explain by Amitabh Bachchan and Hrithik Roshan in Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham

CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES/ NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MANAGEMENT HOTS (HIGHER ORDER THINKING QUESTIONS)-2

Q. 1.   “Management involves creating an internal environment.” Explain.
Answer. 
The internal environment of an organisation refers to its internal conditions, like the quality and quantity of the workforce, the production technology used, the resources available, the rules and regulations framed, etc.,which are essential for the smooth running of the enterprise. The modern approach to management suggests that management of a successful firm requires the creation of an internal environment which is conducive to changes in the external environment. Since a business operates in a dynamic environment, it is essential for its internal environment to be adjusted in accordance with the changes in the external environment. For example, suppose a company manufacturing consumer goods decides to manufacture electrical home appliances with in built transformers, as the technology for the same becomes available. In order to adopt the new production technology it becomes necessary to change the ‘internal environment’ of the company, i.e., to train the work-force accordingly, make arrangements for the infrastructure required for adopting the new technology, etc.

CLASS 12 BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES/ NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MANAGEMENT HOTS (HIGHER ORDER THINKING QUESTIONS)-1

1. “Management is a set of functions directed towards the efficient and effective utilisation of resources in  the pursuit of organizational goals.” Explain.
Answer.
       Managers at all levels in an organisation, large or small, have to perform a series of functions, viz., planning,organizing, staffing, directing, controlling and coordinating in order to achieve the goals of the organisation. Planning refers to the process of anticipating future demands and conditions and accordingly laying down the organizational goals and suitable course of action. Organizing is the process of bringing together, the desired human, material and financial resources, designing organizational structure and creating authority responsibility relationships among employees at various levels. The managerial function of staffing relates to procurement,training and development of employees to meet the requirements of the organisation. The process of directing involves continuous guiding, supervising, leading and motivating of employees for execution of plans in the desired manner. Controlling ensures that the actual performance conforms to planned performance and timely corrective actions are taken if any deviations occur. Coordination is considered to be the key to management as it is inherent in all functions of management. Coordination is the deliberate effort of the managers to integrate and synchronize the work of various individuals, groups and departments in the pursuit of common goals. Underlying all these managerial functions are the two interrelated concepts of efficiency and effectiveness.According to Peter F Drucker, efficiency means, “doing things right” and effectiveness means, “doing the right thing”. Thus, efficient utilisation of resources means that the resources are being judiciously used and the output level is in conformation to the input level, whereas effectiveness refers to the ability and skill to determine appropriate goals, objectives and decisions which are vital for survival, growth and expansion of an organisation. Therefore, both managerial effectiveness and managerial efficiency go hand in hand as effectiveness without efficiency will only lead to increase in cost. Whereas efficiency without effectiveness will never lead to desired goals.

BUSINESS STUDIES | CBSE Notes

BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES - VALUE BASED QUESTIONS -BY BODMAS CAREER ACDEMY

Unit -1 Nature and significance of Management

Q.1 A Cloth manufacturer distributes its defective  product at free  of  cost (after getting  them repaired from Nari Niketan at lower cost) to orphanage. Which values are being attested in this solution?        

Ans. i) Fulfilness  of social responsibility

         ii) Help to needy class of society

        iii) Employment to members of Nari Niketan

        iv) Full utilization of defective product after improvement

Q.2 An organization has production, purchase, marketing, finance  and human resource departments. All of them working together to achieve organizational goals. From your point of view which value which value is reflected here? 

Ans. Co-Operation, Co ordination, do work with the help of each other.

Q.3 A manufacturer of fridge has used new technology in place of using harmful gases, which do not cause air pollution. Which value being followed here?  

Ans. i) Environment Protection

         ii) To fulfill social responsibility

Q.4 A production manager has directed his employees to put/throw different types of wastes like papers, plastics & chemicals in the respective earmarked dustbins. By this which value he want to inculcate among his employees?   

Ans. i) Management of waste material

         ii) Environment Protection

        iii) To fulfill social responsibility

        iv) Awareness in employees

         v) hygienic working environment   

Q.5 An industrial unit, working in a backward area opens schools for education at nominal cost for the children of its employees and local people. By this act which value is promoted here?

Ans. i) Helpful in increasing literacy rate

         ii) Development of society

        iii) Increase in Employment opportunities in backward areas.

Q.6 A factory  established in a  residential locality,  uses machines creating  heavy  noise while running.  Factory Manager always ready to provide financial help to local people.  Due to noise pollution student can’t study properly and residence can’t sleep/work properly. The owners also know it. Which values are affected here?

Ans. i) Noise Pollution

         ii) Bad effect on the health of employees

        iii) Bad effect on the studies and health of children

        iv) Development of society with financial help.

Q.7   A famous doctor charges high for  consultation from his patients and refuses to treat the poor patients without consultation charges. He also pays attention to the medical representatives and agents of  Pharma  co. he  takes gifts and commission also. In your view, is it  professional behavior of doctor? Does he follow the code of conduct of doctor?

Ans. i) Disobey of professional code of conduct

         ii) Not fulfilling social responsibilities

        iii) To take care of poor patients also.

BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES - VALUE BASED QUESTIONS -BY BODMAS CAREER ACDEMY

BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES - VALUE BASED QUESTIONS -BY BODMAS CAREER ACDEMY

Unit -1 Nature and significance of Management

Q.1 A Cloth manufacturer distributes its defective  product at free  of  cost (after getting  them repaired from Nari Niketan at lower cost) to orphanage. Which values are being attested in this solution?        

Ans. i) Fulfilness  of social responsibility

         ii) Help to needy class of society

        iii) Employment to members of Nari Niketan

        iv) Full utilization of defective product after improvement

Q.2 An organization has production, purchase, marketing, finance  and human resource departments. All of them working together to achieve organizational goals. From your point of view which value which value is reflected here? 

Ans. Co-Operation, Co ordination, do work with the help of each other.

Q.3 A manufacturer of fridge has used new technology in place of using harmful gases, which do not cause air pollution. Which value being followed here?  

Ans. i) Environment Protection

         ii) To fulfill social responsibility

Q.4 A production manager has directed his employees to put/throw different types of wastes like papers, plastics & chemicals in the respective earmarked dustbins. By this which value he want to inculcate among his employees?   

Ans. i) Management of waste material

         ii) Environment Protection

        iii) To fulfill social responsibility

        iv) Awareness in employees

         v) hygienic working environment   

Q.5 An industrial unit, working in a backward area opens schools for education at nominal cost for the children of its employees and local people. By this act which value is promoted here?

Ans. i) Helpful in increasing literacy rate

         ii) Development of society

        iii) Increase in Employment opportunities in backward areas.

Q.6 A factory  established in a  residential locality,  uses machines creating  heavy  noise while running.  Factory Manager always ready to provide financial help to local people.  Due to noise pollution student can’t study properly and residence can’t sleep/work properly. The owners also know it. Which values are affected here?

Ans. i) Noise Pollution

         ii) Bad effect on the health of employees

        iii) Bad effect on the studies and health of children

        iv) Development of society with financial help.

Q.7   A famous doctor charges high for  consultation from his patients and refuses to treat the poor patients without consultation charges. He also pays attention to the medical representatives and agents of  Pharma  co. he  takes gifts and commission also. In your view, is it  professional behavior of doctor? Does he follow the code of conduct of doctor?

Ans. i) Disobey of professional code of conduct

         ii) Not fulfilling social responsibilities

        iii) To take care of poor patients also.

BUSINESS STUDIES

BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES - VALUE BASED QUESTIONS -BY BODMAS CAREER ACDEMY

Unit -1 Nature and significance of Management

Q.1 A Cloth manufacturer distributes its defective  product at free  of  cost (after getting  them repaired from Nari Niketan at lower cost) to orphanage. Which values are being attested in this solution?        

Ans. i) Fulfilness  of social responsibility

         ii) Help to needy class of society

        iii) Employment to members of Nari Niketan

        iv) Full utilization of defective product after improvement

Q.2 An organization has production, purchase, marketing, finance  and human resource departments. All of them working together to achieve organizational goals. From your point of view which value which value is reflected here? 

Ans. Co-Operation, Co ordination, do work with the help of each other.

Q.3 A manufacturer of fridge has used new technology in place of using harmful gases, which do not cause air pollution. Which value being followed here?  

Ans. i) Environment Protection

         ii) To fulfill social responsibility

Q.4 A production manager has directed his employees to put/throw different types of wastes like papers, plastics & chemicals in the respective earmarked dustbins. By this which value he want to inculcate among his employees?   

Ans. i) Management of waste material

         ii) Environment Protection

        iii) To fulfill social responsibility

        iv) Awareness in employees

         v) hygienic working environment   

Q.5 An industrial unit, working in a backward area opens schools for education at nominal cost for the children of its employees and local people. By this act which value is promoted here?

Ans. i) Helpful in increasing literacy rate

         ii) Development of society

        iii) Increase in Employment opportunities in backward areas.

Q.6 A factory  established in a  residential locality,  uses machines creating  heavy  noise while running.  Factory Manager always ready to provide financial help to local people.  Due to noise pollution student can’t study properly and residence can’t sleep/work properly. The owners also know it. Which values are affected here?

Ans. i) Noise Pollution

         ii) Bad effect on the health of employees

        iii) Bad effect on the studies and health of children

        iv) Development of society with financial help.

Q.7   A famous doctor charges high for  consultation from his patients and refuses to treat the poor patients without consultation charges. He also pays attention to the medical representatives and agents of  Pharma  co. he  takes gifts and commission also. In your view, is it  professional behavior of doctor? Does he follow the code of conduct of doctor?

Ans. i) Disobey of professional code of conduct

         ii) Not fulfilling social responsibilities

        iii) To take care of poor patients also.

BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES -BY BODMAS CAREER ACADEMY- staffing -chapter 6

Staffing

The managerial function of staffing is concerned with the management of    human resources in an organisation,The staffing function in an organisation is closely related to and dependent on its organizational structure, which in turn is dependent on the organizational goals. Hence, the efficiency of the staffing function can be evaluated by the extent to which the organisation goals are achieved. Managers at all levels are responsible for staffing. The board of directors undertake staffing for selecting other top-level managers, who in turn have staffing responsibilities for middle-level staff, and even the lower-level supervisors have to assume staffing activities for appointment of workers. Staffing involves filling in of job position not only for the present but future also. In small organisations, the responsibility for staffing rests with the line managers. In large organisations, staffing is handled by the human resource department, which works closely with the line managers.

Meaning of staffing Staffing involves procurement, maintenance, training and development of personnel to meet the current and future needs of a business organisation. It is a continuous process in an organisation.

Importance of staffing Staffing is the key to other managerial functions, as the effectiveness of other functions like planning, organizing and directing depends upon the competence of the personnel in an organisation.

• Staffing helps in building a sound organisation, as it is concerned with   regular selection, appraisal and development of personnel to facilitate organizational growth.
• Effective staffing helps  to  reduce  the cost of human  resource  in  an  organisation.
• Staffing helps to adopt a holistic approach to functioning of people in an organisation.
• Staffing is essential to fill in the roles designed in the organizational structure. 
• Staffing ensures that suitable people are hired for the organisation, as the quality of people procured affects   the training and development programmes.
• Staffing helps to adopt a focused approach and use new techniques and methods.

Process of Staffing

• Manpower planning in both qualitative and quantitative terms is the first step in    staffing.
• Job analysis involves systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of information related to various aspects of a specific job. It helps manpower planning.
•  The next step is recruitment, which is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for a job in the organisation. 

• After recruitment, selection activities are undertaken to choose the most suitable person for the job.
• After selection, the selected candidates are placed on the job according to their work proficiency.
• At times, training is given to employees to increase their knowledge and skill for a particular job.
•  After placement, induction or orientation training is carried out, which is 
• concerned with introducing the new employees to the organisation and its     procedures, rules and regulations.
• Next step is performance appraisal which is undertaken to evaluate the worth of an employee to an organisation. It facilitates training and development programme.
• On the basis of performance appraisal reports promotion or demotion decisions are taken and career planning of an employee is done.
• In order to obtain, retain and motivate employees it is important that the salary and wages paid to them are fair and competitive.
• Staffing process also involves making necessary provisions for events like resignation, retirement, death or retrenchment of employees.

Meaning of recruitment: Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for a job in the organisation.

• Internal sources of recruitment are promotion, transfer and layoff.
• External sources of   recruitment   are   advertising   sources,   employee’s recommendation, employment agencies, campus, visits, casual or factory gate, waiting list, personnel consultants, and contractors.

Meaning of selection Selection is the process of carefully screening the candidates who offer themselves for appointment so as to choose the most suitable person for the job.

Steps involved in selection

• First, the scrutiny of applications is done to shortlist the candidates who apparently fulfill minimum requirements of the job.
•  Large organisations prefer to conduct a screening interview to ascertain whether the candidate fulfills the minimum requirements of a job.
•  The filling of an application blank by a candidate is the third step in selection process.
• The fourth step in selection process relates to selection tests, which are conducted by organizations to measure the capability and competence of the candidates for job suitability.
• After a candidate has cleared the selection test he or she is called for an interview to assess his/her suitability for the job.
• If candidate is found suitable for a job, the organisation may contact his former employer and professional acquaintances to validate the candidate’s character, reputation, etc., for reference checking.
• Before a candidate is appointed he has to undergo a simple medical examination.
•  The selection procedure comes to an end with the issue of an appointment letter to the selected candidate.

Types of selection tests

• Trade test is used for determining the candidate’s level of knowledge and skill about a particular job.
• Performance test involves assessing the prospective candidate’s competence by making him perform a specific job.
• Psychological tests help to measure the candidate’s emotional quotient,   intelligence outlook, interest, etc.

Meaning of training   Training is the process of increasing the knowledge and competence of a worker for doing a particular job.

Need for training

• Training is an integral part of management process and is necessary at all levels within organizations of various types and sizes.
•  Training of new employees is essential to make them ‘job fit’.
•  Training helps to improve the quality and quantity of production as it enhances the employee’s knowledge and skills.
•  Training helps to control cost of production by reducing wastage of resources due to mishandling or use of trial and error method.
•  Training reduces the need for supervision. As a result, the supervisors may widen their span of control and spend more time on non-routine issues of the department.
• With the help of training, the best available methods of performing work can be standardized and taught to all the employees.
• Training helps the employees to develop their skill and competence and prospects within and outside the organisation.
•  Training improves the staff morale and self-esteem as it increases job satisfaction.
•  Training prepares and develops future managers and enables the organisation to depend on internal sources of recruitment for higher job.
• Training is essential to ensure safety of workers and reduce accidents at the workplace.

Meaning of on-the-job training Under this method of training, the workers are trained while they are put on their respective jobs. They may be trained by their immediate superior or by some senior experts. The important techniques used under on-the-job methods are vestibule training, coaching, understudy, apprenticeship training, job rotation, induction and internship.

Meaning of off-the-job training Under this method, the employees are given training at a place away from the workplace by experts. The different types of off-the-training methods are conference, seminar, discussions, case study, role play and sensitivity analysis.

Meaning of development Development means growth of a person in all respects. It has wider scope than training and is career-centered.

Meaning of compensation Compensation payable to employees means and includes all the monetary and non-monetary payments that are made to the workers as a reward of their services. Two methods of compensation are the time-rate wage system and piece-rate wage system. Components of a good remuneration system are salaries and wages, bonus, long-term income, benefits and estate building plans.

Meaning of incentive. The term ‘incentive’ refers to an act or promise that induces an individual to desired behavior.

Forms of incentive

• Monetary incentives are directly or indirectly associated with money, like profit sharing, co-partnership, bonus, suggestion system and commission.
•  Non-monetary incentives are ones which cannot be measured in terms of money, like supervisory   relationships, assignment  of challenging jobs, recognition, well-determined  goals  objectives,   level   of  aspiration   and participation in management and experience of achievement.

Meaning of time-rate system Under this method, wages are determined on the basis of time spent on the job Wage = number of hours worked X rate per hour or, Wage = number of day worked X rate

Meaning of piece rate method Under this method, wages are determined on the basis of output irrespective of time taken. Wage = number of units produced X rate per unit. The two methods of piece-rate plan are straight piece rate and differential piece rate.

Meaning of incentive bonus plans The incentive plans have been designed to encourage workers towards higher productivity. The methods of incentive bonus plans are Halsey plan, Rowan plan and Gantt task.

business studies notes -MIND MAP -BY BODMAS CAREER ACADEMY- PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

business studies notes -MIND MAP -BY BODMAS CAREER ACADEMY- PLANNING

BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES CBSE CLASS XII

4. Planning

Summary

Management begins with planning, as it makes the objectives of an organisation clear and specific. Planning lays down the foundation for effective management. It involves determining the future course of action on the basis of purpose, knowledge and estimates.

Meaning of Planning
•        Planning involves deciding and working out the details of an intended action in accordance with the anticipated future conditions to facilitate realization of organizational goals.

Features of Planning
•        Planning is a purposeful activity, as it involves determining various decisions and actions to be performed for achieving the goals of the organisation.
•        Planning provides the basis of all other managerial functions. This is referred to as the primacy of planning.
•        Planning is pervasive in nature as it is required in organisation of varying sizes and types and at various levels.
•        Planning should be flexible in nature to deal with any change in the business environment.
•        Planning is a continuous process, as there is perpetual need to make plans, implement them, and also to review or revise them to meet the needs of an organisation.
•        Planning is futuristic in nature, as it looks ahead and determines future course of action.
•        Planning involves choice among various alternatives, to select the best possible course of action to achieve the organizational goals.
•        Planning is an intellectual activity, as it involves logical and systematic thinking to determine the future course of action.
•        Planning lends to efficiency in operation, as it involves careful thinking before doing, which helps to avoid needless action.

Importance of Planning
•        Planning makes objectives clear and specific, which ensures focused managerial activities.
•        Planning  makes activities meaningful, as both employees and  managers coordinate and understand the importance of their activities towards the accomplishment of organizational goals.
•        Planning reduces the risk of uncertainly by anticipating the future threats and opportunities and by making provisions to meet them in a desired manner.
•        Planning facilitates decision-making, as both evaluation and selection of the best course of action are done on the basis of planned targets much in advance to avoid a situation in which hasty and ad hoc decisions have to be made.
•        Planning facilitates coordination of various activities within and among the departments for achievement of common goals.
•        Planning promotes creativity, as it stimulates planners to be innovative and creative in their approach to perform the present and future business operations.
•        Planning provides the basis of control as it furnishes standards against which actual performance is measured.
•        Planning leads to efficiency and economy, as the plans indicate clearly how the various tasks have to be done and how resource have to be utilised.

Types of Plans
•        Goals are the ambition, or future position, which an organisation seeks to realize through its existence and activities.
•        Objectives  are  the ends which  managers seek  to  reach  through  their managerial functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling.
•        Policies are the general statements that provide the framework for managerial decision-making and action.
•        Procedures are the plans that determine the method or chronological sequence in which a particular activity must be performed in an organisation.
•        Programmes are a  complex of goals,  policies,  procedures,  rules,  tasks assignments, steps to be taken, resources to be employed and other elements necessary to carry out a given course of action supported by a budget.
•        Rule is a specific and definite statement describing the action to be taken or to be avoided in a given situation.
•        Method refers to a well-defined and specific way of performing the jobs of repetitive and routine nature.
•        A budget is a statement of forecasted revenue and associated cost of any activity or project.

business studies complete notes cbse class xii: business studies notes cbse -MIND MAP -BY BODMAS C...

business studies complete notes cbse class xii: business studies notes cbse -MIND MAP -BY BODMAS C...

business studies notes cbse -MIND MAP -BY BODMAS CAREER ACADEMY

business studies notes cbse class 12 -ORGANISING

5. Organizing

Summary

In general terms, ‘organizing’ refers to the systematic arrangement of things and activities. However, in the context of management, ‘organizing’ may be interpreted in two ways—as a structure and as a process.

Meaning of organizing As a process, organizing is concerned with the productive integration of human, physical and financial resources to meet the goals of an organisation. As a structure, organizing involves creating a structural framework within which the individual efforts are coordinated to meet the needs of an organisation.

Importance of organizing and organizational structure

•        Organizing lends to specialization, as the whole work is sub-divided into specific activities and allocated to different Individuals.

•        Organizing helps to create a well-defined structure of jobs, as the roles and responsibilities of each job position are clearly defined in the organizing process.

•        Organizational structure clarifies the authority and power associated with each job position in the organisation.

•        Organizing helps to avoid duplication of work through a clear-cut distribution of work between individuals and groups.

•        Organizing facilitates: coordination between the various levels of management by synchronizing the efforts of people at various levels.

•        Organizing serves as a source of support and security by assigning a definite job designation to each employee.

•        Organizing facilitates  adaptation of a business to changes in external environment.

Process of organizing

•        Division  of work is  the first  step in the organizing process.  It  involves subdivision of the total work to be done into specific jobs to promote specialization, efficiency and economy.

•        Grouping of jobs, or departmentation, is the second step in the organizing process. It relates to grouping similar jobs into departments on the basis of functions, type of product, geographical area, etc.

•        Establishing authority-responsibility relationships is the third step in organizing process, involving the linking  of  all jobs in a hierarchy by authority-responsibility relationships.

Structure of organisation

•        An organizational structure is a system of job positions reflecting the roles and responsibilities associated    with each job position and authority responsibility relation between them. The organizational structure appears like a pyramid with a narrow top and wide bottom.

•        The  following  factors  need   to  be  kept  in  mind  while  designing  an organizational structure job design, departmentation, span of control and delegation of authority.

Types of organizational structure

•        Functional structure is created by grouping the various activities of an organisation on the basis of basic functions to be performed, like finance, marketing, production and personnel.

• Divisional structure is created by grouping the various activities  to be performed in an organisation on the basis of various product lines. It is useful in large and diversified organisations.

Formal organisation

•         Formal organisation is a deliberately planned and created structure of activities and authority-responsibility relationships to meet the organizational goals.

Features of formal organisation

•        It is deliberately planned and created by management.

•        It strives to achieve organizational goals.

•        It is rigid in nature.

•        It contains a well-defined structure of authority and responsibility.

•        It follows the formal channel of communication, i.e., scalar chain.

Informal organisation

•                                Informal organisation is a network of social relationships which arises             

              spontaneously from within a formal organisation to meet the social and cultural     

              needs of its members.

Features of informal organisation

•        It arises spontaneously from within a formal organisation as a result of social interaction among members of the organisation.

•        It strives to meet social and cultural needs of the members.

•        It is flexible in nature.

•        It is a complex network of human relationships.

•        It follows informal channels of communication.

Delegation of Authority

         The process by which a manager shares some of his work and authority with his 

         subordinate is known as delegation of authority.

Importance of delegation of authority

•        Delegation of authority reduces the workload of managers, as through delegation the manager shares his workload with his subordinates.

•        It provides the basis for superior-subordinate relationships, as grant of authority by superior to subordinates gives meaning to superior-subordinate relationships.

•        It improves managerial effectiveness, as by delegating routine work to the subordinates, the managers can concentrate on important matters.

•        It motivates subordinates, as it gives them a sense of importance and also an opportunity to apply their creativity and skill to their job.

•        It helps to develop managers, as it gives the subordinates an opportunity to individually handle and solve managerial problems.

•        It facilitates the growth of the organisation, as it develops the potential of employees.

Elements of Delegation

•        The three elements in the process of delegation are the assignment of tasks, grant of authority and creation of responsibility and accountability.

•        The principle of delegation by results expected states that there should be a relation between the results expected from a subordinate and the amount of authority granted to him.

•        Principle of parity of authority and responsibility states that there should not be any disparity between  the authority granted  to a subordinate and responsibility imposed on him because responsibility without authority makes the person ineffective and grant of excessive authority to subordinates makes him misuse it.

•        The principle of absolute responsibility states that authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated by a superior. The superior remains responsible, or accountable, to his superior for the tasks which may be assigned to his subordinate. The responsibility of the superior is absolute.

•        The authority level principle states that before taking a decision, a manager should ensure that he has due authority to take a decision at his level and if he does not have authority to take decisions at his level, he should refer to his superior.

Centralization of authority

•                               Centralization of authority refers to concentration of authority for decision-

              making and actions in the hands of a few managers at the higher level.

Decentralization of authority

•                               Decentralization of authority refers to the systematic delegation of authority at all         

              levels of management and in all departments of the organisation for decision-  

              making and actions appropriate at the respective levels:

I             Importance of decentralization: Decentralization helps an organisation to cope                        

              with changes, reduces the workload of managers, facilitates growth of an      

              organisation, helps to develop managers, facilitates decision-making, ensures         

              smooth running of an organisation and promotes initiative and creativity.

Meaning and Importance of Organizing

Very-Short-Answer Questions

1.      What is meant by organizing?The managerial function of organizing refers to    

         the process of integrating human, physical and financial resources required to    

         meet the goals of an organisation. It also involves determining the various 

         activities / jobs to be performed, grouping similar jobs into departments, then 

         designing the organizational. Structure accordingly and establishing authority-

         responsibility relationships among various job positions.